2 Chapter 2: Scope, Administration and Definitions
Introduction
The International Building Code (IBC) establishes a comprehensive framework for ensuring building safety and compliance. The initial chapters, “Scope and Administration” and “Definitions,” serve as the cornerstone for understanding the code’s application and the precise meaning of its terms. Chapter 1 delineates the jurisdiction of the IBC and its enforcement strategy, crucial for the adoption and legal implementation of the code. Meanwhile, Chapter 2 provides a detailed lexicon of terms, ensuring clarity and uniform interpretation across various contexts within the code. Together, these sections form the bedrock upon which the IBC’s regulatory structure is built, emphasizing the importance of clear guidelines and definitions in the construction industry. The following provides summaries of these sections.
Scope and Administration
Chapter 1, titled “Scope and Administration,” outlines the code’s applicability limits, application, and enforcement mechanisms. It is divided into two main sections: “Scope and Application” (Sections 101-102) and “Administration and Enforcement” (Sections 103-116). Section 101 delineates the buildings and structures that fall under the code’s jurisdiction, incorporating references to other ICC codes where relevant. It emphasizes that standards and codes are applied as extensively as they are referenced, as detailed in Section 102.4. This chapter aims for the building code to be adopted as a legally binding document, emphasizing the necessity of adequate administrative and enforcement provisions. These provisions define the responsibilities and authority of the appointed code official and the rights of design professionals, contractors, and property owners.
Section 101 – General
These regulations, known as the Building Code of the specified jurisdiction, cover the construction, alteration, and use of buildings and structures, aiming to ensure public health, safety, and welfare through structural integrity, egress, sanitation, and protection from hazards. Exemptions include detached one- and two-family dwellings and townhouses not exceeding three stories, which must adhere to the International Residential Code. Appendices apply only if adopted. The code integrates other codes for gas, mechanical, plumbing, property maintenance, fire prevention, and energy conservation, specifying their application to installations, repairs, and safety measures. These provisions extend from gas delivery points to appliance connections, encompass mechanical systems, plumbing, sewage disposal, property maintenance, and fire safety, emphasizing energy efficiency in building design and construction.
Section 102 – Applicability
In cases of conflict within the code, specific requirements override general ones, and the most restrictive provisions govern when discrepancies arise. This code does not invalidate local, state, or federal laws. References within the code to chapters, sections, or provisions imply direct citations of this code. Codes and standards cited herein form an integral part of the code to their referenced extent, with this code prevailing in conflicts. If any part of this code is deemed illegal or void, it does not affect the validity of the remaining provisions. Existing structures legally occupied at the time of this code’s adoption may continue as is, barring specific mentions in this code or requirements from the International Property Maintenance Code or International Fire Code, or unless otherwise required for safety as determined by the building official. This ensures a balanced approach to compliance, respecting existing legal frameworks and prioritizing safety and specificity in building standards.
Section 103 – Department of Building Safety
The Department of Building Safety is established, led by a building official appointed by the jurisdiction’s chief authority. The building official can appoint deputies, technical officers, inspectors, and other employees as needed, delegating powers as necessary. These appointments and delegations support the enforcement and maintenance of building safety standards.
Section 104 – Duties and Powers of Building Official
The building official is empowered to enforce, interpret, and clarify this code, ensuring policies and procedures align with its intent without waiving specific requirements. Responsibilities include reviewing applications, issuing permits for construction activities, and conducting inspections to enforce compliance. The official issues notice for compliance, can accept inspection reports from approved entities, and must carry identification during inspections. They have the right to enter the premises for safety inspections, with legal recourse if entry is denied. Official records of permits, inspections, and notices are maintained. While acting in good faith, the building official and employees are not personally liable for damages incurred during their official duties, with legal defense provided by the jurisdiction. Approved materials must meet code standards, and modifications can be granted for practical difficulties if they don’t compromise safety. Alternatives to prescribed materials or methods require the official’s approval, supported by research or tests, ensuring they meet code intentions for safety and effectiveness.
Section 105 – Permits
Before undertaking construction, alteration, or demolition, owners or agents must obtain the necessary permits from the building official. Annual permits can replace individual permits for ongoing electrical, gas, mechanical, or plumbing work, requiring detailed alteration records. Certain small-scale constructions and repairs, including one-story detached structures under 120 square feet, fences not exceeding 7 feet, and minor repair work, are exempt from permits. However, emergency repairs require next-day permit applications, and ordinary repairs don’t need notification but cannot include significant structural changes. Permit applications must detail the work, location, intended use, and provide necessary construction documents. The building official reviews applications promptly, rejecting non-compliant ones and issuing permits for compliant proposals. Permits must be acted upon within 180 days or may be extended. They do not approve code violations, and work must commence within 180 days of issuance to remain valid. Permits can be suspended or revoked for errors or violations, and must be visibly placed on the work site until project completion.
Section 106 – Floor and Roof Design Loads
For commercial or industrial buildings where the designed live load exceeds 50 psf, owners must post durable signs indicating this load on the relevant floors. It’s illegal to remove or deface these signs. A certificate of occupancy is contingent on installing these load signs. Moreover, exceeding the code-permitted loads on any floor or roof is prohibited.
Section 107 – Submittal Documents
Permit applications must include construction documents, special inspection statements, geotechnical reports, and other data, prepared by registered professionals as needed. Special conditions may require additional documents. The building official can waive document submission for minor works. Documents must detail the work, comply with code, and include fire protection, means of egress, and exterior envelope specifications, alongside a site plan showing construction details relative to the site’s layout and regulations. The building official examines submissions for code compliance, approving them for permit issuance. Approved documents must be kept on-site and are subject to inspection. Changes to construction require amended document approval. The official can issue phased permits for parts of a structure before full documentation is submitted, with the design professional in charge ensuring submittal compatibility. Approved documents are retained for a minimum of 180 days post-completion or as law requires.
Section 108: Temporary Structures and Uses
The building official can issue permits for temporary structures and uses, valid for up to 180 days with possible extensions for cause. These must meet code requirements for structural integrity, fire safety, and sanitation to ensure public safety. Temporary power can be authorized for incomplete installations, with conditions matching NFPA 70 standards. Permits can be terminated by the official.
Section 109 – Fees
Permits become valid only after the prescribed fees are paid, including fees for any amendments. Fees are determined by a schedule set by the governing authority for various permits. Applicants must provide an estimated value of work, which includes materials and labor. If underestimated, the permit may be denied until proper valuation is provided. Work begun without a permit incurs additional fees. Payment for one aspect of work doesn’t exempt from other legally prescribed fees. The building official can establish a refund policy.
Section 110 – Inspections
Work requiring a permit must be accessible for inspection by the building official until approved, without assuming approval of code violations. Preliminary inspections can occur before permit issuance. Mandatory inspections include footing and foundation, concrete slab, lowest floor elevation in flood hazard areas, framing, lath and gypsum board, fire- and smoke-resistant penetrations, energy efficiency, among others, to ascertain code compliance. Special and final inspections ensure compliance with all requirements, including flood hazard documentation. Approved inspection agencies’ reports may be accepted. Permit holders must notify the official when work is ready for inspection and provide necessary access. Approval is required before proceeding past each inspection stage, with non-compliant work needing correction before being concealed.
Section 111: Certificate of Occupancy
No building or structure may be used, occupied, or have its occupancy classification changed until a certificate of occupancy is issued, which does not approve code violations. Exemptions exist for work not requiring permits. Certificates are issued after inspection confirm no code violations, detailing permit number, structure address, owner, occupancy compliance, construction type, occupant load, sprinkler system requirements, and special conditions. Temporary certificates can be issued for safe portions of a structure with a set validity period. Certificates can be revoked if issued in error, based on incorrect information, or if violations are found.
Section 112: Service Utilities
Utility connections to buildings requiring permits must not be made without the building official’s release. The official can authorize temporary connections and has the power to disconnect utilities in emergencies or if connections were made without approval, aiming to prevent hazards. Notification of disconnection is provided to the utility, owner, or occupant, either in advance or in writing as soon as possible afterward.
Section 113: Board of Appeals
A board of appeals is established to hear appeals against the building official’s decisions regarding this code’s application and interpretation. Appointed by the governing authority, the board operates under its own procedural rules. Appeals must argue a misinterpretation or inapplicability of code provisions or propose an alternative construction method. The board cannot waive code requirements and comprises members qualified in building construction, excluding jurisdiction employees.
Section 114: Violations
It’s illegal to undertake construction, alteration, or occupancy actions in violation of this code. The building official can issue violation notices, directing cessation of illegal activities. Non-compliance leads to legal action to correct or cease the violation. Violators face penalties, including for actions contrary to approved plans, official directives, or issued permits and certificates.
Section 115 – Stop Work Order
If work contravenes this code or is unsafe, the building official can issue a stop work order, which is written and delivered to the property owner, their agent, or the worker. The order halts the work immediately, stating why and how to resume legally. Ignoring this order incurs legal penalties.
Section 116 – Unsafe Structures and Equipment
Structures found to be unsafe due to factors like inadequate egress, poor ventilation, fire hazards, or improper maintenance are required to be demolished or repaired. A report on the unsafe condition is filed, and the owner is notified in writing of the necessary actions to rectify the situation within a set timeframe. Notices are served personally, by mail, or as per local law. Unsafe structures can be restored to safety, adhering to code requirements for repairs and occupancy changes.
Definitions
Chapter 2, titled “Definitions,” organizes all defined terms from the code alphabetically for easy reference. It includes definitions specific to its chapter and mentions terms critical to understanding other chapters, ensuring consistency across the document. Definitions play a vital role in interpreting the code accurately, as terms used within may carry unique meanings distinct from their common usage. To aid comprehension, terms with code-specific meanings are italicized, highlighting their importance for proper interpretation. The emphasis on definitions underscores their significance in grasping the code’s intent and applying its provisions correctly. Users are encouraged to familiarize themselves with this chapter to fully understand the terminology, which is foundational for accurately interpreting the code’s requirements.
Studying the definitions portion of the International Building Code (IBC) can be crucial for understanding the specific terminology used throughout the code. Here are some strategies to effectively study and retain this information:
1. Start with an Overview: Before diving into each definition, skim through the entire section to get a sense of the breadth of terms defined. This will help you understand the scope of what you need to learn.
2. Create Flashcards: For each term defined in the IBC, create a flashcard with the term on one side and its definition on the other. Flashcards are a proven study tool for memorization and can be used for self-quizzing or with a study group.
3. Group Related Terms: Many terms in the IBC are related to specific topics such as structural elements, fire safety, or accessibility. Grouping related terms together can help you understand how they interrelate and apply to broader concepts within building design and construction.
4. Use Real-World Examples: Whenever possible, relate the terms to real-world examples or scenarios. This can help solidify your understanding by seeing how definitions apply in practical situations. If you’re able to visit a construction site or study building plans, try to identify elements that correspond to the definitions you’re learning.
Using these strategies, you can effectively study the definitions portion of the IBC, building a solid foundation for understanding the rest of the code and its application in the building and construction field.
Sources: 2012 International Building Code